This paper explores childhood social learning among Aka and Bofi
hunter-gatherers in central Africa. Existing literature suggests
hunter-gatherer social learning is primarily vertical (parent-to-child) and
that teaching is rare. We use behavioral observations, open-ended and
semi-structured interviews and informal and anecdotal observations to
examine the modes (e.g., vertical versus horizontal/oblique) and processes
(e.g., teaching versus observation and imitation) of cultural transmission.
Cultural and demographic contexts of social learning associated with the
modes and processes of cultural transmission are described. Hunter-gatherer
social learning occurred early, was relatively rapid, primarily vertical
under age 5, and oblique and horizontal between the ages of 6 and 12.
Pedagogy and other forms of teaching existed as early as 12 months of age,
but were relatively infrequent by comparison to others processes of social
learning, such as observation and imitation.